1 The End of My Last Semester at UNL
I’ve been officially off-contract at UNL for almost four weeks. In that time, I’ve packed up most of my house, read about 30 novels1, bought a house, created a strategy to sell a house, and 3D printed a small medieval-style arsenal for my kid’s summer camps.
I have intentionally not done any UNL-related work. I have also not done any USU course prep.
2 Trouble Brewing…
Yesterday, I received a fun letter from the University of Nebraska system legal office.
3 Initial Reaction
In roughly chronological order, I’ve attempted to distill my thought process reading the letter.
Wait, they’re checking up on what I put on ArXiV? Like, the place where you can have an abstract of “Probably not.”, and papers exploring what would happen if the earth were replaced by uncompressed blueberries?
“Given that the article was published on …” … Wait, putting something on ArXiV counts as publishing?
Ok, someone jumped the gun on updating my affiliation, big deal. It’s fixable. Just tell me it’s an issue - you don’t need to creep on me or threaten me.
“As of this date, you remain employed by the University of Nebraska under an appointment extending through May 2027.” Uh, no, I can resign at any time, and in fact I did resign effective August 15, I just didn’t copy Legal on it because who does that?
Wait, do they think I’ve been working at USU this semester? Like I have the time to do two academic jobs simultaneously!?!? Maybe some superwoman could pull that off, but I certainly can’t. (Figure 2)
Why is the University of Nebraska System office following up on this instead of e.g. the University of Nebraska – Lincoln campus office? There are lawyers at both, and one is more directly in my chain of command.
This kind of system-level management only adds fuel to the fire of faculty speculation about the system takeover of UNL, the fact that President Gold clearly does micromanage the campuses (and apparently even down to monitoring individual faculty), and the suspicion that the program cuts were targeted to get rid of outspoken faculty/departments2. I was a bit paranoid before, but now it feels like they’re actively monitoring search engine results for my name or something, which is just weird3.
If they are tracking all of my publications and even ArXiV submissions, then why do I have to type all this stuff in every year for my annual evaluation, in 3 different places? Couldn’t they just fill it in for me, save time, and improve data quality? Wouldn’t that be a win-win-win?
4 The actual situation
Ok, so the letter from legal is obviously not quite clear on what they think is happening. Here’s what actually happened, with gifs because this post needs something entertaining in it…
- I went to Australia to attend a couple of conferences in December 2023. (Figure 3)
- While I was there, I met a student who was working on uncertainty visualization. We had an ADHD and lack-of-sleep fueled hyperfocus session one night and somehow I ended up on her committee a few months later, with a ~5-10% advising responsibility. (Figure 4)
For the next ~18 months, I go to a meeting once a week when I can manage it and read stuff and comment on it. Since the meetings end up being at 6 or 8pm my time, depending on daylight savings in each country, I miss quite a few of the meetings because of traffic and kids and PTO meetings, or just because I got home from a long day and totally spaced.
At some point during a meeting (probably late march), I mentioned that I had accepted or was planning to accept a position at USU. I honestly don’t remember if I mentioned when I’d start or not. (Figure 5)
- The student updated my affiliation on the paper draft we’re working on to USU. I don’t notice, because I’m generally pulling the paper and reading the file in markdown, and I skip everything at the top because it’s not that interesting. I don’t ever look at the compiled PDF of the paper closely enough to notice my affiliation has changed, but I complain about color choices in the graphics and nit-pick what’s on the axes and find all sorts of spelling shenanigans, only half of which are just US vs. UK spelling differences like visualisation and colour. At least, I assume that’s what I did. (Figure 6)
The paper draft was uploaded to ArXiV. My Aussie collaborators are so much better about this than I am. I usually just put it on GitHub and call it a day.
The paper draft is cited by a couple of people but is generally not making headlines anywhere.
(Yesterday) University of Nebraska (System) legal sends me this email that is probably just a request for information, but sounds way more serious than a gentle “Hey, I noticed this paper says you’re at USU, were you aware of it?” email. (Figure 7)
- I spend 2 hours composing an email back to them, outlining a lot of different ways they’re factually incorrect (I’ve found a few more since). (Figure 8)
I spend 10 minutes talking with my Aussie collaborators about how ridiculous this whole misunderstanding is. They agree to remove my affiliation from the paper entirely, for the time being. Hopefully this settles the actual issue.
Having received no response from legal after 24 hours, and considering they gave me a 5 day response window that was in reality 2.5 business days, but actually 1.5 business days considering the date line and such, during a time when I’m off contract and not supposed to be dealing with UNL, I decide to write this post.
5 Possible scenarios according to University of Nebraska’s General Counsel
I listed myself as working for USU (out of spite? forgetfulness? insanity?) instead of UNL and need to be reminded who I am currently being paid by.
I have been “performing work for USU” and neglected to get that work pre-approved.
I have accepted a job somewhere else, but I’ve forgotten to resign from UNL (out of spite? forgetfulness? insanity?) and need to be reminded that I am required to let them know not to pay me.
Option 3 assumes that I have not already submitted my letter of resignation (I have). Evidently, I should have copied the UN System VP & General Counsel on the email - I thought it was sufficient to inform my supervisor and the HR contact for our department.
Option 3 also seems to assume that I have some obligation to inform UNL as soon as I accept another full time position. In reality, Nebraska is an at-will state, and I couldn’t find any Board of Regents policies listing an expected notice period. HR requested at least 5 business days notice as a courtesy; I provided something like 60 days notice. As far as I can tell, there is no written policy at the system level4 about how much notice should be given. Informally, I told my colleagues in the statistics department that I’d be leaving back when I accepted the offer - there wasn’t any reason to hide it.
6 Bylaws, Policies, and the Importance of Proofreading
please note that such activity must be disclosed and pre-approved in accordance with the University of Nebraska Board of Regents Bylaws 3.2.8 regarding Conflict of Interest and Conflict of Commitment and 3.4.5 regarding Outside Employment.
It turns out there’s no section 3.2.8 in the Bylaws PDF. Maybe they meant 3.8.2? No, there’s not a section 3.8.2 either. There is a Section 3.8 PDF as of today, which refers to Regents policy 3.8.2 PDF as of today. I’ve copied both of them from the PDF, changing only minor formatting things (and removing footnotes) in order to simplify the markdown to HTML conversion process used when I publish this post.
any activity that in any way conflicts with duties and responsibilities at the University of Nebraska System
By my read, this situation (advising a graduate student elsewhere) isn’t a conflict because it doesn’t interfere in any way with duties and responsibilities of my position at UNL. The rest of this post will delve into that in more depth, but I’ve clearly disclosed what I’m working on to the university to the greatest extent that I’d consider reasonable – I’m not going to log everything I spend time on outside of UNL business (that’s one reason why I’m not working in industry – timesheets are too detail oriented for me unless they also include a code to use for time spent on time-tracking activities). While academia is not a 40-hour a week, 9-5 gig, it also isn’t supposed to be a 24/7/365 job either – they don’t pay enough for me to be on-call and available all the time.
I have also clearly communicated about my collaborative relationships to both of the chairs I have had in the past. Neither one mentioned anything about reporting that relationship as a COI - it’s just part of the overall job, and thus isn’t a conflict by definition. Also, the meetings happen outside of working hours and it’s an insignificant amount of time - I’ve spent more time fighting with the stupid printers we have in the department, by far.
This is a really long chunk of policy. To summarize, there are 11 sections that roughly go like this:
- Motivation
- University-wide principles
- Responsibility of each campus (not my problem)
- Who the policy applies to
- How the policy is managed
- COIs and Research
- Confidential and Classified Agreements with other organizations (N/A here)
- Outside Employment (what they’re worried about)
- Technology Transfer (N/A here)
- COI for Admin (N/A)
- Appeal Process (hopefully N/A?)
So, we mostly need to look at sections 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8.
6.1 Motivations
The goal of the COI policy is to
- properly avoid, disclose and manage potential conflicts of interest.
- prevent employees or consultants from using their positions for purposes that are motivated by (or even give the appearance of) a drive for private financial gain either for themselves or family members.
Ok, that’s fair. Of course, in this case, there is no way to use my position at UNL for private financial gain by advising a student without any compensation. If there’s financial gain to be had here, I’m obviously not seeing it.
6.2 University-Wide principles
The university is supposed to establish processes to ensure the following:
- Prospects of financial gain must not unduly influence faculty and the University with regard to commercially imminent, product oriented research programs versus fulfilling the University’s objectives of educating students, advancing basic knowledge and serving Nebraskans through the development and application of knowledge that enables them to develop better lives, stronger communities and genuine economic opportunity.
- The University must avoid situations where the possibilities for personal gain for the Covered Person may be judged to be so significant that it is unreasonable to expect the Covered Person to exercise the objectivity necessary for public trust in the University and the rigor of its research.
- Research agreements should encourage the free exchange of ideas and the sharing of research results regardless of the sponsoring entity. Some constraints may be required to protect proprietary information or intellectual property.
- To the extent practicable and consistent with applicable law, the University must be appropriately compensated for private, commercial use of the public property under its stewardship.
Examining this situation for potential violations of these basic principles, it’s clear that (1) doesn’t apply because there are no commercial products here. (2) doesn’t apply because there is no possibility of personal gain. (3) is not violated either – this research is open, which is how the legal department found out about the paper in the first place! You don’t put things on ArXiV because it’s lucrative, you put them there because you believe research should be open and transparent, or because you want to help people legally avoid paying journals for access to your work by publishing the preprint. (4) doesn’t apply because there’s no commercial use of any intellectual property here. It also doesn’t apply because all of the software associated with this project is open source and can be used commercially or noncommercially so long as it’s cited properly.
I’m a big believer in complying with the intent behind a law. Sometimes, that puts me at odds with the actual text of the law, but in this case, I’m comfortable with the intent and that I haven’t violated it.
We can skip section 3, because it’s talking about things that aren’t my problem.
6.3 Who does the policy apply to?
Section 4 defines covered persons:
Covered Person shall mean:
- University administrative officers and employees, specifically including any University employees with delegated signature, purchasing or contracting authority on behalf of the University;
- University employees and faculty engaged in outside employment or other activities specified in this policy (tech transfer/use of University facilities or equipment) that may create a Conflict of Interest; and
- Sponsored Research investigators, including University employees, faculty, staff and support personnel (managerial/professional and office/service positions), volunteers, trainees, students, contractors and other persons under the direct control of the University of Nebraska System, whether paid by the University of Nebraska System or not, who participate in Sponsored Research as defined in Section 6 of this policy 3.2.8.5
4.1 does not apply – I have no authority whatsoever. You can ask my kids or my graduate students.
4.2 does not appear to apply to this situation6.
“… and other persons under the direct control of the University of Nebraska System, whether paid by the University of Nebraska System or not”
Interesting. What does one have to do to be under the direct control of the system? If you asked anyone in admin, they’ll say I’ve been out of control for the entire academic year.
4.3 does seem to apply - I’m clearly a researcher. However, I would dispute that I’m under the direct control of the UN system, even when I do receive a paycheck from them. It’s a bit murky whether or not I am currently considered an employee – I have a 9 month appointment, my contract is not currently in effect, but I’m currently receiving summer grant pay and benefits (until my resignation date, hopefully – I’m still not sure whether UNL is going to live up to that part of the bargain…). It would be more clear cut if I were returning for Fall 2026, but I’m not.
It’s also interesting to note that apparently my children are also covered people under this policy – meaning that I guess I’m supposed to disclose any lemonade stands as “outside activity” by covered persons. Does this mean I’m also supposed to get clearance from Legal before I let them open the lemonade stand?7 Essentially, the university is claiming that employing me allows them to exert an amount of control over my entire family that is … extreme.8
Conflict of Interest shall mean situations when a Covered Person’s direct or indirect personal financial interests may compromise, or have the appearance of compromising, the Covered Person’s professional judgment or behavior in carrying out his or her obligations to the University of Nebraska System. This includes indirect personal financial interests of a Covered Person that may be obtained through third parties such as a Covered Person’s Immediate Family, business relationships, fiduciary relationships, or investments. Immediate family shall mean an individual who is the spouse, child, parent, brother, sister, grandchild, or grandparent, by blood, marriage, or adoption of the Covered Person.
Ok, I don’t believe for a minute that advising a student at another university could have the appearance of compromising my professional judgement or my behavior, and I also don’t think it would in any way affect my ability to carry out my obligations to the UN system.
I spend more time per week doomscrolling than I do talking to this student, but I refuse to believe that doomscrolling constitutes a conflict of interest – for that to be true, it would essentially imply that the UN system believes they have a claim to my time 24/7/365.
More importantly, though, the definition concerns my personal financial interests. This has nothing to do with my financial interests, because I’m not getting paid by anyone in Australia. I’m also not being paid by USU (at least, until August).
6.4 How is the Policy Managed
At the University of Nebraska System, all reporting of potential Conflicts of Interest should be undertaken with the goal of full disclosure.
Hmm. Interesting. Given that I was supposed to have access to all of the information used to determine that the statistics department should be closed (so that we could effectively counter that in our hearing before the APC), it appears that “full disclosure” doesn’t mean the same thing to me as it does to the administration. Nevertheless, I’ve always compliied with this goal. You can tell, because I have actually updated my COI/COC disclosures a couple of times this semester.
It’s interesting that the COI/COC process requires that you update your disclosure form within 30 days of a potential COI/COC, but you are supposed to have affirmative approval of a COI/COC situation before you begin that work. If the process were actually compliant with the policy as written, it would seem to require that the COI/COC be disclosed and approved before it is undertaken.
So, for instance, if I were going to serve as an expert witness, I would need to get that activity cleared with the President/CEO directly. I wouldn’t, for instance, go through my chair, ask what I need to set up to make this happen, and have everything set up at least 12 months before any actual work happened and at least 48 months before I got paid for any work. Just as a hypothetical.
6.5 COIs and Research
Sponsored Research means research, training, and instructional projects performed by Covered Persons using any University space, materials, equipment or property that involves funds, materials or other compensation from sources outside the University through a grant or contract that obligates the University to a specified statement of work, sets forth binding financial terms in the form of a budget or up-front payment, or contains terms related to ownership of and rights to use intellectual property developed thereunder.
By this definition, this project is not sponsored research, because it doesn’t obligate the university to a specific statement of work and has no binding financial terms (because I’m apparently willing to work for free if pretty ggplot2 charts are involved).
The University encourages its faculty and staff to engage in both sponsored and non-sponsored research recognizing that compliance with this policy can help assure that appropriate standards of accountability are met and extramural considerations do not hinder the dissemination or commercialization of research.
Ok, if this is the goal, then there are no extramural considerations and there is no hampering of the dissemination of research. By working under an open-source license, we are probably hindering the commercialization of research, but for some reason they’re not concerned about that right now9.
Non-sponsored research, including all internally funded research, shall require similar oversight and compliance.
This is literally the only bit where it talks about non-sponsored research. It’s unclear why if the goal is to avoid the appearance of undue financial interest, similar oversight and compliance would be required for research that isn’t funded.
Section 7 of the policy doesn’t apply here - everything in this project is open-source, we’re completely transparent about the process and the data is available on GitHub; there is no attempt to keep anything confidential except participant identities as required by the ethics board/IRB equivalent.
6.6 Outside Employment
Section 3.8.2 section 8 further clarifies the difference between COI and conflict of commitment:
faculty and administration must be sensitive that such interactions (outside professional activities) could cause Conflicts of Interest and must ensure that Covered Persons do not make unnecessary or inappropriate commitments of their time or expertise which can adversely affect the University and its mission. A conflict of commitment must be disclosed and managed when it constitutes a Conflict of Interest for a Covered Person.
Ok, so let’s consider this angle - did my advising this student constitute
- an unnecessary or inappropriate commitment of time and expertise
- that adversely affects the university and its mission?
6.6.1 Time
Leaving aside who determines what is necessary (or appropriate, for that matter), I think it’s plain that an hour or less per week does not constitute a significant amount of time that would adversely affect the university and its mission. I have colleagues who spend at least that much time each week trying to figure out how to send an email attachment or download something off the web. I’ve probably spent similar amounts of time trying to figure out how to get the printer in the department to work with Linux, since every network update seems to bork my CUPS installation.
“Appropriate” time/expertise commitment is apparently 2 business days per month of outside activity. This research commitment is somewhere on the order of 3-4 hours per month, outside of working hours. Granted, it’s a collaboration with Monash University instead of USU, but I’m in CYA mode here.
6.6.2 Adverse Effects on Mission
I think my performance at UNL has been decent. I’ve published more than the expected 1-2 papers per year10, I’ve graduated several PhD students in the 6 years I’ve been here as well as many more MS students, I’ve taught my classes and gotten reasonable evaluations11, and I’ve done quite a lot of university and disciplinary service (some of which I’ve been told was an adverse time commitment…). I’ve developed some very well regarded undergraduate courses that will no longer be offered because of the program elimination, and I wrote an open textbook for statistical computing in R and python just because it was fun and made it easier to teach students. Quite a few of these things were done even when my supervisors and mentors suggested not spending the time on them, because I thought they were important.
I’ve disclosed external consulting activities like serving as an expert witness, which is a direct extension of my research and is arguably a positive contribution to the university and its mission. In one case this spring, I ended up getting stuck away from campus during the semester for about 5 work days – a situation which was clearly communicated to my supervisor and my students. Thanks to the magic of zoom, I could still fulfill my teaching and research responsibilities even as I waited to testify in the trial. It was a pain, but I would argue that I didn’t actually miss even the allowed 2 days, because I was still meeting all responsibilities.
So, all in all, I’d read this and determine that in no way does my advising a student elsewhere count as a conflict of interest or commitment.
Sections 9, 10, and 11 clearly do not apply to this situation, so I’m going to move on to the Bylaws.
Let’s consider the policy on outside employment.
Staff members employed by the University, […] shall be encouraged to engage in professional activities outside the University as a means of contributing to the economic growth and development of the state as well as broadening their experience and keeping them abreast of the latest developments in their specialized fields; provided such activities do not interfere with their regular duties at the University, or represent a conflict of interest.
We’ve already established that my regular duties have been dispatched with adequately (hopefully, above-adequately), and that they don’t represent a COI by the definitions in the regents bylaws. Now, arguably, it doesn’t contribute to the economic growth of the state, but it does keep me up to date with developments in visualization and statistical graphics.
So, given that this outside activity does enrich my experience and doesn’t represent a COI or conflict with my duties, I don’t think I’m in violation of this policy, even though I firmly maintain that this doesn’t meet the basic definition of employment - I’m not getting paid. I also don’t have any official relationship or position at the student’s university other than a couple of documents naming me as an external committee member.
Employees have to get approval of the CEO/President if (1) the position lasts more than two years for a single person/client/company/agency, or (2) the employment requires more than 2 days per month during the period of full time University employment - conditional statements suggest the university’s primary interest is in ensuring that the University gets compensated for use of university buildings/equipment/materials.
The first statement doesn’t apply because I wasn’t retained or given any sort of retainer fee or remuneration (again, this would suggest a contract or some sort of employment which isn’t present). Granted, I suppose technically I’ve been working with this student for about 30 months at this point (27 by the time the dissertation was done and the “advising” role I took on was completed). The second statement definitely doesn’t apply – I spent maybe 4 hours (generously) a month in meetings, outside of university time and not using university resources beyond reading papers from the library – papers that I already would have had access to and should have been reading to keep up to date with the discipline.
So, by the standards listed in this section, it is clear that I do not have to obtain prior approval from the CEO/President. I did notice, though, that the policy document mentions sections (a) - (d) when the actual policy contains only sections (a) and (b). Annoying.
7 Conclusions
7.1 UNL wants to have all the cake
As I understood our employment relationship, UNL paid me to teach classes, do research, and supervise UNL graduate and undergraduate students. I have done all of those things, and then some more.
Meanwhile, UNL also doesn’t want to pay me to supervise UNL graduate students once I go to USU, claiming that is service and an expected part of an academic position.
However, UNL has never counted external graduate advising as service, requires listing it as a conflict of interest, and may or may not require president/ceo approval of outside graduate advising. I think the policy is clear that it’s not required, but this SNAFU indicates that there might be some doubt.
Because of a misunderstanding that’s basically a glorified typo, UNL seems to think that I’ve been working for USU and not declaring it. Instead of pointing out the issue and suggesting I might not be aware of it, they had Legal write me a note that makes it sound like I’m in violation of COI reporting policies and/or trying to double-dip and get paid by two universities. They kindly remind me that they fired me as of May 2027 in the letter, just to rub salt in the wound. Then, they point out that they expect to claim my intellectual output through the end of that contract – and don’t make it clear that their claims are conditional on my being employed at UNL through the end of the contract.
7.2 Internal Communication at UNL and within the system still sucks
I’m making an assumption here that Legal didn’t reach out to my chair to ask whether I had resigned. Maybe they reached out to HR and HR wasn’t aware yet? It might have something to do with stat faculty being totally unmotivated to do anything, given that they’ve been canned through a farcical process. Regardless, it’s summertime and people are gone, so maybe that’s why the communication chain broke down, but this whole thing is doubly ridiculous because it’s almost like (quoting a friend) they dumped me and then got mad when someone else asked me to prom.
7.3 Affiliations and Publication Norms
There are obviously norms and traditions with regard to listing affiliations – you’re supposed to list the affiliations where the work was performed, though it seems that people generally adjust affiliations a bit prior to starting a new position so that the new affiliation (and contact information) are listed on publications. However, there are also norms for authorship, and apparently those norms don’t preclude listing your cat as a co-author on your papers so that your papers look more legitimate. There are norms for how institutions are supposed to treat tenure, as well – norms that I didn’t question until this past year.
As far as I am aware, none of these norms are encoded into laws/bylaws/policies to the point that violating them would justify more than an initial polite inquiry. Even the COI bylaws and policies do not seem to be designed to address the situation I was actually in – serving as a minor advisor (e.g. 10% of total advising) of a student at another institution. NSF changes seem to require that we now disclose all international collaborations to the institution, whether or not there is any funding associated with the collaboration, which is likely to discourage collaboration and further isolate the US from the rest of the world, but this is a relatively recent change and guidance has been evolving over the course of this academic year.
When I was working at Iowa State, I generally listed my affiliation with the Center for Statistics and Applications in Forensic Evidence (CSAFE), rather than the ISU Statistics department. I was physically located in a different building, some parts of the department were actively hostile to me, and I was called a “glorified post-doc” by the chair of the stat department. So I listed the organization I was proud to be associated with as my affiliation. Literally no one cared. While I’m sure it’s preferable to have your affiliation match your paycheck, I’m also sure there are edge cases where that doesn’t happen. I am not sure, however, that there is any requirement that you list your employer as your affiliation; it does not seem to me that journal publications are “works for hire” that the university would have IP claims over.
I propose forming the Federated University of Uncertainty and Numerical Learning (FU-UNL). Any statistician or ally can list that as an affiliation and see what happens. It’s certainly not any more ridiculous than listing a pet as a co-author, and it might reasonably assert that we are not owned by an institution.
I really have to stop writing these things and do something more useful, like write actual publications or something. If you made it to the end, then congratulations, you deserve a cookie.
Footnotes
Not quality literature – murder mysteries involving puppies and other similar caliber stuff. This is the reading equivalent of downing a pint of ice cream after a bad breakup - the goal is actually to eat(read) an excessive amount of junk.↩︎
This despite the fact that I can’t think of anyone in the stat department that was particularly outspoken or politically active – I asked hard questions in the Faculty Senate occasionally, but I don’t think I was uncivil or even outside the bounds of “Nebraska Nice” until the department was already proposed for elimination.↩︎
It also makes me want to do some fun astroturfing just to see what I can provoke… but I have more urgent things to do at the moment, like pack my house into boxes to move.↩︎
I didn’t look too hard at the campus level because it didn’t seem relevant.↩︎
The term Covered Person includes the definition of an “Investigator” under NIH guidelines, specifically “the Principal Investigator and any other person who is responsible for the design, conduct, or reporting of research funded by the NIH, or proposed for such funding. The definition includes contractors or collaborators, as well as the Investigator’s spouse and dependent children.” See Responsibility of Applicants for Promoting Objectivity in Research for which PHS Funding is Sought (42 CFR Part 50, Subpart F, grants and 45 CFR Part 94, contracts).↩︎
I have other outside activities that do qualify as outside employment. The parenthetical seems to restrict other activities to technology transfer and use of facilities/equipment, neither of which applies here.↩︎
I’m sure that if I did ask Legal for permission for my children to run a lemonade stand, they would tell me I’m being an idiot. Maybe they’d phrase it more politely… but maybe not. ↩︎
I’ve been told in the past that my interpretation of legalese is ridiculous, but honestly, I think the problem is that legalese assumes too much and then it’s my fault if I don’t comply with their assumptions, seek out loopholes, or maliciously comply with poorly expressed ideas.↩︎
I give it a year or two before the University starts cracking down on free-as-in-beer software development and tries to recoup some funds by forcing researchers to license code.↩︎
Though, if I’d known that ArXiV papers count as publications according to the UNL system, I probably would have uploaded more drafts there.↩︎
Excepting, perhaps, the student who said “She talks like William Shatner” – I still have no idea if that’s a compliment or a complaint.↩︎










